The incremental evolution of the Rafale: controlled strategic continuity
The logic of successive standards (F1 to F5) embodies a profoundly French industrial and operational doctrine, based on :
- Modularity from the outset of the Rafale's design, enabling the range to be upgraded without disrupting the supply chain.
- Continuous integration of technological building blocks (sensors, weapons, electronic warfare, on-board AI) validated as and when required via PEA (Plans d'Études Amont).
- A drastic reduction in industrial and budgetary risks, whereas breakthrough programmes such as the SCAF or NGAD combine delays, complexity and cost inflation.
With this approach, France is not aiming to have ‘the most advanced aircraft on paper’, but the most available, coherent and adaptable aircraft in the field, year after year.
The strategy of incremental development, which may seem cautious from the other side of the Atlantic, is in fact more agile and more profitable in the long term, because it follows the real technological pace rather than hypothetical breakthroughs.
The Rafale F5 and collaborative combat (Network-Centric Warfare)
The Rafale F5 is no longer a simple fighter aircraft, but an interconnected network node, fully in line with the doctrine of collaborative combat.
Key attributes :
- Real-time sensor fusion and on-board AI for local information processing.
- Native interoperability with accompanying UAVs, thanks to a new software architecture, tactical links (Link 16, Contact, A2G), and MUM-T compatibility.
- Ability to play the role of sensor, gunner and coordinator, particularly in an A2/AD bubble or in complex SEAD/DEAD missions.
- Multi-band sensors (RBE2 AESA + OSF + SPECTRA) for autonomous detection and decision-making, even in a GNSS-controlled environment.
Apart from an airframe optimised for passive stealth, the Rafale F5 already meets the doctrinal requirements of the "6th Gen": interoperability, massive data processing, advanced optronics, tactical AI, swarm operations. It does not need to be revolutionary, as it is already at the heart of the French system of systems.
Rafale: a lever for diplomatic and economic power
The geo-economic dimension of the Rafale programme does not simply take the form of a tool for military power, but of a complete strategic instrument, mobilising :
- A sovereign industrial base (Dassault, Safran, Thales, MBDA, etc.) mastering the entire chain: airframe, engine, radar, electronic warfare, weapons.
- An aggressive and coherent export strategy: France is not selling a future promise, but a proven combat system, delivered on time, with credible industrial compensation.
- A geopolitical use of the Rafale as a vehicle for pragmatic alliances (Egypt, India, Emirates, Indonesia, Greece, Croatia, etc.), in a multipolar world where reliability takes precedence over NATO-centrism.
With the F5 standard, this strategy has reached full maturity: customers are buying an open, upgradeable architecture, not just a fighter. This positions the Rafale as the only non-American aircraft capable of structuring a sovereign air force ecosystem.
The T-Rex engine: a controlled evolution of the M88
The T-Rex (provisional name), the future engine of the Rafale F5/F6, represents a significant increase in power without any break in continuity with the M88 industrial chain. Unlike the NGF engine, which is based on a new architecture with a variable cycle, the T-Rex retains a conventional dual-flow architecture, with a targeted thrust of around 9 tonnes with afterburner, i.e. +20% compared with the M88-4E (~7.5 t).
Main technical developments :
- New high-pressure compressor (HPC) derived from the Turenne 1 and 2 PEAs, with a better compression ratio.
- Improved combustion chamber to withstand higher temperatures, thanks to new refractory materials.
- Optimised high-pressure turbine (HPT), with single-crystal blades and reinforced internal cooling.
- Aerodynamic optimisation of the fan, to improve flow and propulsion efficiency without major modification of the air inlets.
- Reduction of the infrared (IR) signature by diluting and lowering the temperature of the exhaust gases.
- Dimensional compatibility with the M88-2: the T-Rex is designed to be plug & play, without any modification to the Rafale airframe.
Integration is therefore gradual, without logistical disruption or industrial upheaval.
Stealth: active vs. passive
Passive stealth:
- Works by absorbing and deflecting radar waves, via shapes and coatings.
- Incompatible with certain manoeuvres, carrying external weapons, or prolonged operational use (fragile coatings).
- Highly directional: effective against monostatic radars, but ineffective against multistatic radars.
- Very costly to maintain, low availability: the USAF is struggling to keep F-35s above 50% availability in some squadrons.
Active stealth:
- Based on adaptive cancellation or jamming systems depending on the threat detected.
- Coupled with next-generation electronic warfare (SPECTRA), capable of attenuating radar returns perceived by the enemy.
- Multidirectional and adaptable: enables the signature to be reduced simultaneously in relation to several radars.
- Software upgradeable: keeps pace with Moore's Law, unlike structural solutions.
Conclusion: France is opting for a reasonable compromise: moderate passive stealth (clean design) coupled with active stealth that can be updated. This maximises availability, flexibility and cost control.
The companion UAV for the Rafale F5
Unlike the Neuron, which was a 7-tonne stealth technology demonstrator, the future companion UAV for the Rafale F5 will be :
- Larger (estimated 14-15 tonnes), with significant weapons-carrying capacity (air-to-air missiles or guided bombs).
- Connected natively to the Rafale F5, via a dedicated tactical link (potential onboard AI for autonomous navigation or coordination).
- Capable of acting as a loyal wingman or route opener in an A2/AD environment.
- Developed in national cooperation (Dassault/MBDA/Safran/Thales) within a tight schedule: entry into service around 2033-2035.
The aim is not to re-use the Neuron, but to capitalise on its lessons for a large-scale operational UAV.